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Physiology of nutrition. Metabolism --- Digestion --- Digestion.

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Written for non-experts, this volume introduces the mechanisms that underlie reticulate evolution. Chapters are either accompanied with glossaries that explain new terminology or timelines that position pioneering scholars and their major discoveries in their historical contexts. The contributing authors outline the history and original context of discovery of symbiosis, symbiogenesis, lateral gene transfer, hybridization or divergence with gene flow, and infectious heredity. By applying key insights from the areas of molecular (phylo)genetics, microbiology, virology, ecology, systematics, immunology, epidemiology and computational science, they demonstrate how reticulate evolution impacts successful survival, fitness and speciation. Reticulate evolution brings forth a challenge to the standard Neo-Darwinian framework, which defines life as the outcome of bifurcation and ramification patterns brought forth by the vertical mechanism of natural selection. Reticulate evolution puts forward a pattern in the tree of life that is characterized by horizontal mergings and lineage crossings induced by symbiosis, symbiogenesis, lateral gene transfer, hybridization or divergence with gene flow, and infective heredity, making the “tree of life” look more like a “web of life.” On an epistemological level, the various means by which hereditary material can be transferred horizontally challenges our classic notions of units and levels of evolution, fitness, modes of transmission, linearity, communities, and biological individuality.   The case studies presented examine topics including the origin of the eukaryotic cell and its organelles through symbiogenesis; the origin of algae through primary and secondary symbiosis and dinoflagellates through tertiary symbiosis; the superorganism and holobiont as units of evolution; how endosymbiosis induces speciation in multicellular life forms; transferrable and non-transferrable plasmids and how they symbiotically interact with their host; the means by which pro- and eukaryotic organisms transfer genes laterally (bacterial transformation, transduction and conjugation as well as transposons and other mobile genetic elements); hybridization and divergence with gene flow in sexually-reproducing individuals; current (human) microbiome and viriome studies that impact our knowledge concerning the evolution of organismal health and acquired immunity; and how symbiosis and symbiogenesis can be modelled in computational evolution.

Life Sciences. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Biodiversity. --- Gene Function. --- Philosophy of Biology. --- Life sciences. --- Medical genetics. --- Biology --- Evolution (Biology). --- Sciences de la vie --- Génétique médicale --- Biologie --- Biodiversité --- Evolution (Biologie) --- Philosophy. --- Philosophie --- Endosymbiosis. --- Symbiogenesis. --- Symbiosis. --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Ecology --- Evolution --- Consortism --- Endosymbiotic relationships --- Evolutionary biology. --- Symbiosis --- Evolution (Biology) --- Symbiogenesis --- Biology-Philosophy. --- Clinical genetics --- Diseases --- Heredity of disease --- Human genetics --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Genetic disorders --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Genetic aspects --- Biology—Philosophy. --- Medical Genetics. --- Vitalism

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"De tous les objets physiques, il n'y en a point de plus abstrus, ni de plus embarrassants que l'âme des bêtes. Les opinions extrêmes sur ce sujet sont, ou absurdes, ou très dangereuses ; le milieu que l'on veut y garder est insoutenable"; écrit Pierre Bayle dans l'article "Péreira" de son Dictionnaire. L'opinion "très dangereuse", c'est la thèse montaigniste de la supériorité des animaux sur les hommes, qui renverse le fondement même sur lequel est traditionnellement fondée la prérogative de l'homme. L'opinion "absurde", c'est la thèse cartésienne des animaux-machines, qui ne sauve la prérogative humaine qu'au prix d'un défaut radical de crédibilité. L'opinion moyenne rejetée par Bayle comme "insoutenable", c'est celle de la tradition aristotélicienne, qui accorde aux animaux vie et sentiment, tout en les privant des facultés noétiques propres à l'homme. Ce travail tente d'expliquer cette situation pour le moins inconfortable à travers ces questions : qu'est-ce qui interdit à la philosophie moderne la solution médiane d'Aristote ? Comment Montaigne et Descartes parviennent-ils à soutenir la confrontation de leur philosophie avec le paradoxe ? Et, si tant est que l'anthropologie est à l'horizon de la zoologie, qu'en est-il de l'homme dans ces déplacements de la définition de l'animalité ?

Animals --- Philosophical anthropology --- Montaigne, Michel de, --- Descartes, René, --- Anthropology, Philosophical --- Man (Philosophy) --- Civilization --- Life --- Ontology --- Humanism --- Persons --- Philosophy of mind --- Animal kingdom --- Beasts --- Fauna --- Native animals --- Native fauna --- Wild animals --- Wildlife --- Organisms --- Human-animal relationships --- Zoology --- Philosophy --- Descartes, René, --- Montagne, Michel de, --- Montenʹ, Mishelʹ, --- Montanʹe, Mikhaĭlo, --- Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, --- Montaigne, --- Montēnyu, --- Montaini, Misel d̲e, --- דה־מונטן, מישל, --- די־מונטין, מיכאל, --- מונטין, מישל דה, --- Montenj, Mišel de, --- Descartes, Renatus --- Cartesius, Renatus --- Descartes, René --- de Montaigne, Michel Eyquem --- Eyquem, Michel --- Monten', Mišel' --- Montaigne, Michel de, - 1533-1592 --- Descartes, René, - 1596-1650

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